Movahed, Masoud. 2025. “Working-Class Structural Power, Associational Power, and Income Inequality.” Journal of Industrial Relations. Online first. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221856251326670

Abstract:
Under capitalism, workers have two sources of power: associational and structural. A vast body of social science research shows that workers’ power—often measured by union density—is associated with lower levels of income inequality. Drawing on a country-level, panel dataset for much of the post-World War II era (1960–2013), the author introduces a model of distributive outcomes that centers on the dual sources of workers’ associational and structural power. By differentiating the sources of workers’ power, the author examines the extent to which they bear on distributive outcomes across countries in the Global North. Using two-way fixed effects regression models, the author presents strong evidence that while workers’ associational and structural power are both statistically associated with lower levels of income inequality, it is workers’ structural—and not associational—power that drives egalitarian outcomes. Notably, counterfactual simulations demonstrate that, on average, structural power of the working class explains a gap up to approximately 4% in levels of income inequality over the past five decades across postindustrial countries.

Dr. Masoud Movahed’s research lies at the nexus of social stratification, economic, and political sociology. It integrates computational and quantitative methods with those of comparative historical methods in order to investigate the social-structural and institutional determinants of income and wealth inequality, both cross-nationally and within the U.S. context. More specifically, his research draws on panel data analysis, spatial econometrics, and machine learning tools, including both unsupervised clustering techniques and supervised learning algorithms. While Dr. Movahed employs computational methods, he retains a keen interest in comparative-historical methods, particularly event structure analysis (ESA), sequence analysis, and process tracing. More recently, Dr. Movahed has been part of collaborative projects that use survey experiments in U.S. contexts, alongside work in computational text analysis focusing on topic modeling and sentiment analysis.

Dr. Movahed’s papers have been published in Social Science Research, Journal of Industrial Relations, Spatial Demography, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Journal of International Development, The Sociological Quarterly, and Interface: A Journal for and About Social Movements. Beyond academic research, Dr. Movahed also contributes essays and commentary to public-facing outlets such as Foreign Affairs, Boston Review, World Economic Forum, Harvard International Review, Yale Journal of International Affairs, and Al Jazeera.

Dr. Movahed has won awards from various sections of the American Sociological Association, including the Mathematical Sociology, Political Economy of the World-System Section, and Sociology of Development. He also received the Sabina Avdagic Early Career Scholar Prize from the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics (SASE).  He holds an M.A. from New York University and a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, followed by a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania.